Background and purpose: Little information is available about micronutrients intake in bodybuilding athletes taking supplements. This study aimed at investigating Dietary supplements usage and micronutrients intake in male and female bodybuilders. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among bodybuilders in bodybuilding clubs in Shiraz. Information about consumption of Dietary supplements were collected using a questionnaire and Food Frequency Questionnaire (168 items) was completed to assess the micronutrients intake based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Results: The participants (n= 270) included 175 (64. 8%) males (mean age: 33. 6±, 2. 5 years). In this study, 115 (65%) males and 45 (47%) females used Dietary supplements. The study showed a significant difference in the rate of supplement use based on gender (P<0. 000), age group (P<0. 006), and level of education (P<0. 001). Furthermore, bodybuilding trainers were the major source of Dietary education (62. 4%), while nutritionists and physicians accounted for nutritional advice to only 17. 4% of the participants. Findings indicated low micronutrients (vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and zinc) intake in male athletes based on RDA. There was also low intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B9, calcium, iron, and magnesium in female athletes. Conclusion: Prevalence of supplement use was high in male and female bodybuilders, however, they suffer from low intake of micronutrients.

Background: Trevo is a nutritional supplement with numerous bioactive natural products, with detoxifying and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Tré, vo to protect against oxidative stress induced by lead in the kidneys of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each, using a randomized design. I=control,II=15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA),III=2 ml/ kg of trevo+PbA,IV=5 ml/kg of trevo+PbA,V=5 ml/kg of trevo. Animals were treated with trevo for five days before co-administration with lead intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24hr after the last administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture, and processed for assessment of urea, creatinine, and uric acid (UA), while the kidney samples were excised and processed for the following biochemical assays: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Results: Injection of PbA caused a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and a significant increase (P<0. 001) in the MDA concentration, and decreases in GSH concentration, CAT, SOD, and GST activities (P<0. 05) as compared to the controls. Pretreatment with trevo prevented the oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in the kidney tissue samples and improve the renal function. The protective effect was evident at 5 ml/kg of trevo. Conclusion: The results showed that trevo was nephroprotective against lead toxicity and the activity might be linked to the presence of numerous antioxidant phytochemicals present in trevo.

Many people who use prescription medication also take complementary and alternative medicines such as a vitamin, minerals, herbal products, or other botanical drugs. The mechanisms of interaction can be based on the following methods: affecting the absorption, metabolism, and disposition of other drugs. Pharmacological effects of digoxin include the increased force of myocardial contraction, decreased heart rate and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Digoxin is characterized by a narrow therapeutic index and is the potential drug for interacting with other drugs, herbs, and supplements. Since these interactions can cause fatal and dangerous complications,with regard to these properties, we decided to review the evidence about the interaction between herbal-Dietary supplements and digoxin. We searched several sources, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, CISCOM databases from 1970 to 2018. Our keyboards for the search were digoxin interactions, digoxin-drug interaction, digoxin-supplement interaction, and herb-drug interaction. We reviewed the following types of articles for writing this review article: case reports, case series, original articles, and review articles. Taking together, 210 articles were obtained from databases. However, only seventy-one related articles were chosen for the preparation of this review article. We found fifty herbal products that could interact via a different mechanism with digoxin. St. John’, s wort has the most documented interactions with digoxin. Some of the information on these reviews resulted from in vitro and animal studies with no clinical evidence, and others resulted from clinical evidence. Therefore, our confirmation of them in the body is incomplete. We recommend that the use of these herbs with digoxin be avoided.